Etching, Laser Etching, Etched Glass

Etching is the process of using strong acid to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface

to create a design in intaglio in the metal (the original process - in modern manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of material). As an intaglio method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains widely used today
Basic method
In pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with a pointed etching needle where he/she wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal.

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California Etching Inc
840 Jackson St, Napa, CA 707 224-9966

Etchings-Glass Metal Marble
45 Mitchell Blvd # F, San Rafael, CA 415 492-8986

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The échoppe, a tool with a slanted oval section is also used for "swelling" lines. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant (from the French for "bite"), or has acid washed over it. The acid "bites" into the metal, where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate. The remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, leaving only the ink in the etched lines.

The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing-press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the etched lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the plate shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process; this creates an etching which exists in more than one state.

Etching can be, and very often has been, combined with other intaglio techniques like engraving (eg Rembrandt) or aquatint (eg Goya).

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